12 10 134 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/bfcb9976c9c0761669377d142582942e.jpeg 4d564b214d93252107816cabb6b9c16a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource United States Colored Troops (USCT) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource Included in this thematic collection are seventeen memorials that honor the vital contributions of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) to the Union victory during the American Civil War. The first all-Black units formed unofficially in Louisiana (Louisiana Native Guard, 1862); South Carolina (First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, 1862-63); and Kansas (First Kansas Colored Infantry, 1862-63). The first official authorization to employ African Americans in federal service was the Second Confiscation and Militia Act of July 17, 1862. The Confiscation Act allowed Union officers to free enslaved men and put them to work as army laborers. However, Abraham Lincoln did not fully authorize the use of Black men in combat until the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Beginning in late January 1863, Governor John A. Andrews of Massachusetts raised the first regiment of Black soldiers in the North, the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass helped recruit men for the Massachusetts 54th, famously issuing a call to free African American men to join the Union Army. In a speech, “Men of Color, To Arms!”, delivered in Rochester, New York on March 2, 1863, Douglass urged his fellow free men of color to fight for the end of slavery and for their freedom: "By every consideration which binds you to your enslaved fellow-countrymen, and the peace and welfare of your country; by every aspiration which you cherish for the freedom and equality of yourselves and your children; by all the ties of blood and identity which make us one with the brave black men now fighting our battles in Louisiana and in South Carolina, I urge you to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that would bury the government and your liberty in the same hopeless grave." On May 22, 1863, the U.S. War Department issued General Order No. 143, authorizing the creation of the Bureau of Colored Troops. By the end of the Civil War, over 200,000 men, including white officers, served in 175 regiments of the USCT, which made up ten percent of the Union army. The compiled military records of the men who served in the USCT can be found in the National Archives and Records Administration. Updated January 26, 2026 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Renée Ater Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 132 x 168 in. (335.28 x 426.72 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the Massachusetts Fifty-fourth Infantry Regiment (Boston, Massachusetts) Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) African Americans--History Massachusetts--Boston Public art Public sculpture United States Colored Troops Subject (Name) Shaw, Robert Gould, 1837-1863 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource The memorial commemorates Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and members of the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the first African American regiment to be formed in the North during the American Civil War. Shaw, the regiment’s leader, is shown on horseback in control of his horse and staring forward. Cast in bas relief, three rows of Black infantrymen of various ages stride forward in unison behind him. This scene depicts the Massachusetts 54th Regiment parade march down Beacon Street in Boston on May 28, 1863, as they left the city for Beaufort, South Carolina. On July 18, 1863, nearly 250 of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment were killed, wounded, or captured at the Battle of Fort Wagner located on Morris Island in Charleston Harbor including the death of Shaw. Sargeant William H. Carney received a Medal of Honor for his courageous actions during the fight, the first African American to receive the medal. The Massachusetts 54th Regiment and the Battle of Fort Wagner were the subject of the epic Civil War film, Glory (1989). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 1848-1907 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 31, 1897 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McKim, Mead & White (architectural pedestal); Shaw Family; Governor John Andrew; 1865 Memorial Committe: Charles Sumner, Rev. Leonard Grimes, Joshua Bowen Smith, Edward Atkinson, Robert E. Apthorp, Francis W. Bird, Charles W. Slack, Henry P. Kidder, Charles R. Codman, Henry W. Longfellow, James L. Little, William L. Clapp Jr., Charles Beck, William G. Weld, Royal E. Robbins, Edward W. Kingsley, George B. Loring, Alanson W. Beard, Solomon Stebbins, and Robert K. Darrah; 1876 Memorial Committee: Edward Atkinson, John Murray Forbes, Henry Lee Jr., and Martin P. Kennard Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20240, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Boston Common, Beacon and Park Streets, Boston, Massachusetts, 02133, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on the relief: Omnia Relinquit Servare Rempublicam [He relinquished everything to save/preserve the Republic] Inscription on the pedestal: Robert Gould Shaw Colonel of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts  Born in Boston 10 October MDCCCXXXVII Killed While Leading the Assault on Fort Wagner South Carolina 18 July MDCCCLXIII Right in the van, on the red rampart's slippery swell With heart that beat a charge he fell Foeward as fits a man; but the high soul burns on to light men's feet where death for noble ends makes dying sweet. [lines from James Russell Lowell's poem "Memoriae Positum"] Inscription on granite back between the two fasces: To the Fifty-Fourth of Massachusetts Regiment Infantry The White Officers taking life and honor in their hands cast in their lot with men of a despised race unproven in war and risked death as inciters of servile insurrection if taken prisoners besides encountering all the common perils of camp march and battle. The Black rank and file volunteered when disaster clouded the Union Cause. Served without pay for eighteen months till given that of white troops. Faced threatened enslavement if captured. We're brave in action. Patient under heavy and dangerous labors. And cheerful amid hardships and privations. Together they gave to the nation and the world undying proof that Americans of African descent possess the pride, courage and devotion of the patriot soldier. One hundred and eighty thousand such Americans enlisted under the Union Flag in MDCCCLXIII-MDCCCLXV. [Charles W. Eliot, President, Harvard University] Inscriptions on the back above the five laurel wreaths: Cabot Jackson Russel, Captain • William Harris Simpkins, Captain • Edward Lewis Stevens, 1st Lieutenant • David Reid, 1st Lieutenant • Frederick Hedge Webster, 2nd Lieutenant [Names of the five officers killed from the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts} Inscription on back below the laurel wreaths: I know not my commander where in all human history to any given thousand men in arms there has been committed a work at once so proud, so precious, so full of hope and glory as the work committed to you. [Governor John Andrew, extract from speech given at the depart of the Fifty-Fourth Massachuestts Regiment in Boston 1863] Inscription on brick base at back: The Memory of the Just is Blessed Henry Albert • Thomas R. Ampey • Thomas Bowman • William Brady • Abraham Brown • James H. Buchanan • Henry F. Burghardt • Elisha Burkett • Jason Champin • Andrew Clark • Lewis Clark • Henry Craig • Albert Evans • William S. Everson • Samuel Ford • Richard M. Foster • Charles S. Gamrell • Lewis C. Green • John Hall • William Henry Harrison II • Edward Hines • Benjamin Hogan • Charles M. Holloway • George Jackson • James P. Johnson • John H. Johnson • Daniel A. Kelley • Henry King • Cyrus Krunkleton • Augustus Lewis • Thomas Lloyd • William Lloyd • Lewis J. Locard • Francis Lowe • Robert McJohnson • John Miller • James H. Mills • William H. Morris • Charles E. Nelson • Stephen Newton • Harrison Pierce • Cornelius Price • Thomas Peter Riggs • David R. Roper • Anthony Schenck • Thomas Sheldon • William J. Smith • Samuel Sufshay • John Tanner • William Thomas • Charles Van Allen • George Vanderpool • Cornelius Watson • Edward Williams • Franklin Willis • Joseph D. Wilson • William Wilson • John W. Winslow —Inscribed MCMLXXXII [Names of those soldiers from the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment who died during the assault on Fort Wagner. Names added in 1982.] Extent The size or duration of the resource. 132 x 168 in. (335.28 x 426.72 cm) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Milford pink granite Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Greenough, Sarah and Nancy Anderson. Tell It With Pride: The 54th Massachusetts Regiment and Augusts Saint-Gaudens' Shaw Memorial. Yale University Press, 2013. Alan Skerrett, Jr, ed. "Monuments to the United States Colored Troops (USCT) [African American Civil War Soldiers: The List." Jubilo! The Emancipation Century Blog, May 30, 2011. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://jubiloemancipationcentury.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/monuments-to-the-united-states-colored-troops-usct-the-list/. Blight, David W. "The Shaw Memorial in the Landscape of Civil War Memory." In Hope & Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, eds. Martin H. Blatt, Thomas J. Brown, and Donald Yacovone, 79-93. University of Massachusetts Press, 2001. Grover, Kathryn. To Heal the Wounded Nation's Life: African Americans and the Robert Gould Shaw/54th Regiment Memorial. Special History Study, Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park. National Park Service, 2021. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/668698. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: National Park Service Has Version A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource. A gold patinated plaster cast (1900) is on view at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, on loan from the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site in Cornish, New Hampshire. A bronze cast (1997) is on display at the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site in Cornish, New Hampshire. bas-relief bronze Civil War figurative granite inscription marble https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/3d532efa0f5e97a9ab8f2e0793030342.jpg eae69e31eb6132b4862af76d0d64c0f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource United States Colored Troops (USCT) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource Included in this thematic collection are seventeen memorials that honor the vital contributions of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) to the Union victory during the American Civil War. The first all-Black units formed unofficially in Louisiana (Louisiana Native Guard, 1862); South Carolina (First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, 1862-63); and Kansas (First Kansas Colored Infantry, 1862-63). The first official authorization to employ African Americans in federal service was the Second Confiscation and Militia Act of July 17, 1862. The Confiscation Act allowed Union officers to free enslaved men and put them to work as army laborers. However, Abraham Lincoln did not fully authorize the use of Black men in combat until the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Beginning in late January 1863, Governor John A. Andrews of Massachusetts raised the first regiment of Black soldiers in the North, the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass helped recruit men for the Massachusetts 54th, famously issuing a call to free African American men to join the Union Army. In a speech, “Men of Color, To Arms!”, delivered in Rochester, New York on March 2, 1863, Douglass urged his fellow free men of color to fight for the end of slavery and for their freedom: "By every consideration which binds you to your enslaved fellow-countrymen, and the peace and welfare of your country; by every aspiration which you cherish for the freedom and equality of yourselves and your children; by all the ties of blood and identity which make us one with the brave black men now fighting our battles in Louisiana and in South Carolina, I urge you to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that would bury the government and your liberty in the same hopeless grave." On May 22, 1863, the U.S. War Department issued General Order No. 143, authorizing the creation of the Bureau of Colored Troops. By the end of the Civil War, over 200,000 men, including white officers, served in 175 regiments of the USCT, which made up ten percent of the Union army. The compiled military records of the men who served in the USCT can be found in the National Archives and Records Administration. Updated January 26, 2026 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Renée Ater Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers' Memorial (Jefferson City, Missouri) Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) African Americans--History Lincoln University Missouri--Jefferson City Public art Public sculpture United States Colored Troops Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource The monument depicts the members of the 62nd and 65th United States Colored Infantry who, in 1866, founded Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. The work includes two soldiers and Captain Foster, their white commander, who all are shown atop a pedestal. Behind this main group, another USCT soldier on top of the pedestal assists another standing bronze figure to ascend the pedestal. On the base of the pedestal is a bas-relief of three marching soldiers. The commemorative work also includes two bronze soldiers, wearing knapsacks and bed rolls and whose facial expressions appear weary, walking up the lawn toward the front of the monument.  Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dwight, Ed, 1933- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 2, 2007 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Christner, Inc. (landscape architects); United HRB General Contractors, Inc.; Board of Curators; Lincoln University Foundation Board, Inc.; David B. Henson (17th President of Lincoln University) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lincoln University, 820 Chestnut Street, Jefferson City, Missouri, 65101, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 820 Chestnut Street, Jefferson City, Missouri, 65101, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on base: Dedicated to the Officers and Soldiers of the 62nd and 65th United States Colored Infantries. Inscription on granite plaza: Courage--Sacrifice--Equality Donor bricks Bronze plaque on back of monument: Soldiers Memorial Plaza Dedicated May 2, 2007 President of the University Dr. Carolyn R. Hahoney Board of Curators Greg S. Gaffke, President Rodney J. Boyd, Vice President Marvin O. Teen, Jr., Secretary Dana T. Cutler, Treasurer Cynthia O. Blosser, Member Ralph M. Caro, Member Iris G. Ferguson, Member Gurnie C. Gunter, Member John M. Parker, Member Daniel S. Britts, Student Representatives Bronze plaque on back of monument: Ed Dwight, Sculptor Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Granite Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Alan Skerrett, Jr, ed. "Monuments to the United States Colored Troops (USCT) [African American Civil War Soldiers: The List." Jubilo! The Emancipation Century Blog, May 30, 2011. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://jubiloemancipationcentury.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/monuments-to-the-united-states-colored-troops-usct-the-list/. Arenson, Adam. "Fighting for the Legacy of Lincoln." New York Times, December 13, 2013. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/fighting-for-the-legacy-of-lincoln/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: <a href="https://www.visitjeffersoncity.com/listing/soldiers-memorial-plaza-at-lincoln-university/76/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jefferson City Convention and Visitors Bureau</a> bas-relief bronze Civil War figurative granite inscription https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/2294ea039d60a70659dcbef75a84579e.jpg 6505b2df45ad3ed5b33a82d20bd12c72 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/8e5b36572bf021d60140d140d1ffb9d9.jpg bfcc76e7eadc3ddf2f1cc4d41ef553dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource United States Colored Troops (USCT) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource Included in this thematic collection are seventeen memorials that honor the vital contributions of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) to the Union victory during the American Civil War. The first all-Black units formed unofficially in Louisiana (Louisiana Native Guard, 1862); South Carolina (First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, 1862-63); and Kansas (First Kansas Colored Infantry, 1862-63). The first official authorization to employ African Americans in federal service was the Second Confiscation and Militia Act of July 17, 1862. The Confiscation Act allowed Union officers to free enslaved men and put them to work as army laborers. However, Abraham Lincoln did not fully authorize the use of Black men in combat until the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Beginning in late January 1863, Governor John A. Andrews of Massachusetts raised the first regiment of Black soldiers in the North, the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass helped recruit men for the Massachusetts 54th, famously issuing a call to free African American men to join the Union Army. In a speech, “Men of Color, To Arms!”, delivered in Rochester, New York on March 2, 1863, Douglass urged his fellow free men of color to fight for the end of slavery and for their freedom: "By every consideration which binds you to your enslaved fellow-countrymen, and the peace and welfare of your country; by every aspiration which you cherish for the freedom and equality of yourselves and your children; by all the ties of blood and identity which make us one with the brave black men now fighting our battles in Louisiana and in South Carolina, I urge you to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that would bury the government and your liberty in the same hopeless grave." On May 22, 1863, the U.S. War Department issued General Order No. 143, authorizing the creation of the Bureau of Colored Troops. By the end of the Civil War, over 200,000 men, including white officers, served in 175 regiments of the USCT, which made up ten percent of the Union army. The compiled military records of the men who served in the USCT can be found in the National Archives and Records Administration. Updated January 26, 2026 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Renée Ater Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 108 in. (274.32 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource African American Monument (Vicksburg, Mississippi) Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) African Americans--History Mississippi--Vicksburg United States Colored Troops United States--Mississippi--Vicksburg National Military Park Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Located at the Vicksburg National Military Park, the monument depicts three bronze figures, two United States Colored Troops soldiers and a shirtless civilian field hand wearing suspenders, trousers, and a straw hat. The field hand and one of the soldiers support a second soldier, who has been wounded in the Vicksburg Campaign. The USCT soldiers played a key role in the Union victory at Milken's Bend on June 7, 1863. The statue rests on a black granite base inscribed with a text that honors their service. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sessums, J. Kim, 1958- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: <a href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=109350" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Historical Marker Database</a> and the National Park Service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 14, 2004 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource State of Mississippi; City of Vicksburg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource National Parks Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20240, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Vicksburg National Military Park, 3201 Clay St, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 39183, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on base: Commemorating the service of the 1st and 3rd Mississippi Infantry Regiments, African descent and all Mississippians of African descent who participated in the Vicksburg Campaign. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 108 in. (274.32 cm) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Black African granite Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Alan Skerrett, Jr, ed. "Monuments to the United States Colored Troops (USCT) [African American Civil War Soldiers: The List." Jubilo! The Emancipation Century Blog, May 30, 2011. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://jubiloemancipationcentury.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/monuments-to-the-united-states-colored-troops-usct-the-list/. National Park Service. "African American Monument." Vicksburg National Military Park. Brochure. Accessed March 2, 2026. https://www.npshistory.com/publications/vick/brochures/african-american-monument.pdf. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater black granite bronze Civil War figurative inscription https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/d4dbce60899b4fc20122a8ae82ebe46a.JPG 65361dae76cb37f23fdd85cd69a6c29e https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/560cfd3225954cb3b87e93efe88545de.JPG 08a4033ec882f80fbfa5450f7e00768e https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/5289baabf728d2eb3e3988b18fbd9bff.JPG 9be4f3542847d539d2ac8c4544a84f63 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/6258a1efa74542c3911d9a274a0e49c8.JPG f9651c5fc8b85e73f5ec5afcc4a6218e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource United States Colored Troops (USCT) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource Included in this thematic collection are seventeen memorials that honor the vital contributions of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) to the Union victory during the American Civil War. The first all-Black units formed unofficially in Louisiana (Louisiana Native Guard, 1862); South Carolina (First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, 1862-63); and Kansas (First Kansas Colored Infantry, 1862-63). The first official authorization to employ African Americans in federal service was the Second Confiscation and Militia Act of July 17, 1862. The Confiscation Act allowed Union officers to free enslaved men and put them to work as army laborers. However, Abraham Lincoln did not fully authorize the use of Black men in combat until the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Beginning in late January 1863, Governor John A. Andrews of Massachusetts raised the first regiment of Black soldiers in the North, the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass helped recruit men for the Massachusetts 54th, famously issuing a call to free African American men to join the Union Army. In a speech, “Men of Color, To Arms!”, delivered in Rochester, New York on March 2, 1863, Douglass urged his fellow free men of color to fight for the end of slavery and for their freedom: "By every consideration which binds you to your enslaved fellow-countrymen, and the peace and welfare of your country; by every aspiration which you cherish for the freedom and equality of yourselves and your children; by all the ties of blood and identity which make us one with the brave black men now fighting our battles in Louisiana and in South Carolina, I urge you to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that would bury the government and your liberty in the same hopeless grave." On May 22, 1863, the U.S. War Department issued General Order No. 143, authorizing the creation of the Bureau of Colored Troops. By the end of the Civil War, over 200,000 men, including white officers, served in 175 regiments of the USCT, which made up ten percent of the Union army. The compiled military records of the men who served in the USCT can be found in the National Archives and Records Administration. Updated January 26, 2026 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Renée Ater Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memorial to the 2nd Regiment Infantry, U.S. Colored Troops (Fort Myers, Florida) Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) African Americans--History Florida--Fort Myers Public art Public sculpture United States Colored Troops Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource The over life-sized work depicts a sergeant in the United States Colored Troops 2nd Regiment standing in front of an open gate within a wall. The soldier is framed by two granite plaques mounted on each wall. The plaque on the left is a description of the important contribution of the 2nd Regiment during the Civil War. The plaque on the right contains a poem, written by D.J. Wilkins. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wilkins, D. J., 1945-2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 11, 1998 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fort Myers Beautification Advisory Board; City of Fort Myers, Florida Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource City of Fort Myers, 2200 Second Street, Fort Myers, Florida, 33901, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Centennial Park, 2000 W First St, Fort Myers, FL 33901, United States Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Clayton Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on left plaque: This Memorial is dedicated to The 2nd Regiment Infantry, U.S. Colored Troops and Companies D and I which served at The Battle of Fort Myers. On July 20, 1861, U.S. Army Officer Major French wrote to U.S. Naval Officer McKean, "I have information that a schooner fitted out as a slaver is in the Caloosahatchee River. Her appointments, I am told, are full...." On February 20, 1865, Confederates of the 1st Battalion, Florida Special Cavalry attacked Fort Myers. The attack erupted into a cannon duel with the 2nd USCT in charge of artillery. The New York Times reported: "The colored soldiers [at Fort Myers] were in the thick of the fight. Unconscious of danger,their constant cry was to 'get at them'...." At nightfall, the Confederate force withdrew. A Confederate participant later recalled: "It was seen that nothing was accomplished." The Battle of Fort Myers marked the final action of the 2nd USCT in South Florida. Companies D and I left Fort Myers in March of 1865. Fort Myers was then decommissioned. USCT Troops freed and enlisted over 1,000 of the enslaved in Florida during the Civil War." Inscription on right plaque: In Freedom Cover Me The war between the states it's called to make us all one people one man's bullet is another man's death in this God makes us equal. The men who died in the fight today all knew this was the start of some new age yet undefined of which we're all a part. This Union Flag I stand beneath is what's protecting me from a life of moral death a life in slavery. When muskets fire if I should fall in freedom cover me with these stars from this flag like leaves from God's great tree. - Clayton Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Granite; Concrete Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Calligan, Tara. "An About-Face: A Monument Honoring Black Union Soldiers is Re-Turned to Face Centennial Park in Downtown Fort Myers." WGCU PBS and NPR for Southwest Florida, July 31, 2022. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://www.wgcu.org/2022-07-29/about-face-a-monument-honoring-black-union-soldiers-turns-towards-centennial-park. Alan Skerrett, Jr, ed. "Monuments to the United States Colored Troops (USCT) [African American Civil War Soldiers: The List." Jubilo! The Emancipation Century Blog, May 30, 2011. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://jubiloemancipationcentury.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/monuments-to-the-united-states-colored-troops-usct-the-list/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater bronze Civil War concrete figurative granite inscription poetry https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/6b093ae1fd52b7a92b50eb6b936d2f1d.jpg a6e5b4ec536e158c0bf5f948095d34eb https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/00a6f3efc60a043d7f6f9bdf2277315f.jpg ba153d0b21b8e5930add22fc3e37ea79 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/dd22b8e4720dcd4a87c819191a193066.jpg e00a2ebd83c43ce55dee6c7393a8bb90 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/56f4c3f6db9339902f999ab81b97cb82.jpg 78f3d7d6a16d1280758d4468fef94266 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/4fd57e013d5c1a19d48595ffddac2370.jpg 298111d7d9d2cd6ad6b666b739fa3384 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/8093fac7cf7bee762792207ec130ae36.jpg 3c2312a804ceb1d2e4ab6167f7e4ed73 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/2dd27dd351d4ace80f6008a9fbf29776.jpg ce1e15347ccc816bfd8b6229cdc345fc https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/af4a4fbed68f01d081b7164765e21c6f.jpg 7d234d45488ebb1f0f8552cfb013fad9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource United States Colored Troops (USCT) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource Included in this thematic collection are seventeen memorials that honor the vital contributions of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) to the Union victory during the American Civil War. The first all-Black units formed unofficially in Louisiana (Louisiana Native Guard, 1862); South Carolina (First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, 1862-63); and Kansas (First Kansas Colored Infantry, 1862-63). The first official authorization to employ African Americans in federal service was the Second Confiscation and Militia Act of July 17, 1862. The Confiscation Act allowed Union officers to free enslaved men and put them to work as army laborers. However, Abraham Lincoln did not fully authorize the use of Black men in combat until the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Beginning in late January 1863, Governor John A. Andrews of Massachusetts raised the first regiment of Black soldiers in the North, the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass helped recruit men for the Massachusetts 54th, famously issuing a call to free African American men to join the Union Army. In a speech, “Men of Color, To Arms!”, delivered in Rochester, New York on March 2, 1863, Douglass urged his fellow free men of color to fight for the end of slavery and for their freedom: "By every consideration which binds you to your enslaved fellow-countrymen, and the peace and welfare of your country; by every aspiration which you cherish for the freedom and equality of yourselves and your children; by all the ties of blood and identity which make us one with the brave black men now fighting our battles in Louisiana and in South Carolina, I urge you to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that would bury the government and your liberty in the same hopeless grave." On May 22, 1863, the U.S. War Department issued General Order No. 143, authorizing the creation of the Bureau of Colored Troops. By the end of the Civil War, over 200,000 men, including white officers, served in 175 regiments of the USCT, which made up ten percent of the Union army. The compiled military records of the men who served in the USCT can be found in the National Archives and Records Administration. Updated January 26, 2026 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Renée Ater Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 108 in. (274.32 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource “Spirit of Freedom”: African American Civil War Memorial (Washington, DC) Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) African Americans--History Public art Public sculpture United States Colored Troops Washington (D.C.) Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Located in Washington, DC, the semicircular bronze statue by Ed Hamilton depicts three African American infantrymen and one sailor. The soldiers grasp the barrels of their rifled muskets, while the sailor holds a ship’s wheel. The soldiers wear the standard Union army uniform—a forage cap, a light coat, and trousers—while the sailor wears a federal Navy flat hat, a wool frock, and trousers.  Overlooking the group is a personification of the "Spirit of Freedom,” rendered as a shrouded, angelic figure whose face tilts upward, eyes closed, and whose crossed hand rest on the chest. On the back of the monument in bas-relief, an African American soldier is joined by six members of his multigenerational family—his wife, three children, and his parents—who gather around him as he prepares to go off to war. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hamilton, Ed, 1947- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Wide-angle photograph: National Gallery of Art Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 18, 1998 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The African American Civil War Memorial Freedom Foundation; National Park Service Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20240, United States Relation A related resource African American Civil War Memorial Museum, Washington, DC Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1925 Vermont Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20001, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on granite base:  Civil War to Civil Rights and Beyond. This Memorial is dedicated to those who served in African American units of the Union Army in the Civil War. The 209,145 names inscribed on these walls commemorate those fighters of freedom. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 108 in. (274.32 cm) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Pink granite; Stainless steel Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ater, Renée. "Remembering and Commemorating the United States Colored Troops: The African American Civil War Memorial in Washington, DC." In Tell It With Pride: The 54th Massachusetts Regiment and Augusts Saint-Gaudens' Shaw Memorial, by Sarah Greenough and Nancy Anderson, 112-126. Yale University Press, 2013. Alan Skerrett, Jr, ed. "Monuments to the United States Colored Troops (USCT) [African American Civil War Soldiers: The List." Jubilo! The Emancipation Century Blog, May 30, 2011. Accessed February 11, 2026. https://jubiloemancipationcentury.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/monuments-to-the-united-states-colored-troops-usct-the-list/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater bas-relief bronze Civil War figurative granite inscription memorial wall names stainless steel https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/8152c225003865a3b91605cedcc012de.jpg a5ea156d3e91bdb21ccb88c3e2e58e2b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Plaque Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harriet Tubman Memorial Plaque (Auburn, New York) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Citizens of Auburn Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States New York--Auburn Public art Public sculpture Underground Railroad Subject (Name) Tubman, Harriet, 1822-1913 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource The bronze plaque honoring Harriet Tubman has a dark patina and a rectangular body topped with a rounded arch. At the top, Tubman’s portrait—based on an 1890s photograph—is rendered in bas-relief and surrounded by a laurel motif. Her expression is calm and resolute. Beneath the portrait is an inscription detailing Tubman’s achievements, with floral rosettes adorning the corners of the plaque. The bronze plaque is placed on the outside wall of the Cayuga County Courthouse in Auburn, New York. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph by Renée Ater Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1914 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Citizens of Auburn Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Cayuga County Courthouse, 152 Genesee Street, Auburn, New York, 13021, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cayuga County Courthouse, 152 Genesee Street, Auburn, New York, 13021, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on bronze plaque: In Memory of Harriet Tubman. Born a slave in Maryland about 1821. Died in Auburn, N.Y. March 10th, 1913. Called the "Moses" of her people, during the Civil War, with rare courage, she led over three hundred negroes up from slavery to freedom, and rendered invaluable service as a nurse and spy. With implicit trust in God she braved every danger and overcame every obstacle, withal she possessed extraordinary foresight and judgment so that she truthfully said--"On my Underground Railroad I nebber run my train off de track and I nebber los' a passenger."--This tablet is erected by the Citizens of Auburn, 1914. References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Monument and Myth: Commemorating Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. "National Flag to Be Displayed: Day of Unveiling of Harriet Tubman Memorial to be Observed at Suggestion of Mayor. Exercises in Auditorium." The Advertiser Journal, Thursday, June 11, 1914. New York Historic Newspapers. Accessed January 31, 2026. https://www.nyshistoricnewspapers.org/. "High Tribute Paid to Harriet Tubman As Memorial Tablet is Unveiled in Her Honor." The Advertiser Journal, Saturday, June 13, 1914. New York Historic Newspapers. Accessed January 31, 2026. https://www.nyshistoricnewspapers.org/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater bas-relief bronze inscription portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/4c818df56de3958c2efb58f832ae3263.jpg 46043fc5d103f7d890448b2e8c3f109e https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/3efbf2c69ed97c51d7f4d9c31ecd46c3.jpg dfeb425e51e0461dce01d729b40d226b https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/2aa8d9472f27aa6945c4183770e01691.jpg ba6f54ff17978c4f16a5d191a2b3dfcd https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/2cb8bf349ef011caea4df18a7071be92.jpg 9005930f8ae9e820db05bdf7f64810a4 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/7ce09bc59a267e2c045e4bf1aeb4d82c.jpg a91b5002a7e57350ac1e0c9d55e4eb32 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/52b734ac31b629802f292c586a2b6274.jpg cadc084d82d82906abc76e292420af2f https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/5d168a4b3cf868f2906e26939011b273.jpg 93d941224cb2e529215bf99e47f9066a https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/39b38c3dbac4f38075c322aeeafea579.jpg b38b4dd0103ef18733246c770f2c631a https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/53f0f360b62bffdcc2b58dce59380ea4.jpg 9bf986aced81d6ea48634c671cac3b1a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Statue: 90 in. (228.6 cm) Base: 36 in. (91.44 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass Monument (College Park, Maryland) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edwards, Andrew, 1965- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 18, 2015 Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Freedom Maryland--College Park Public art Public sculpture Slavery--Maryland Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Located on the large brick plaza outside Hornbake Library at the University of Maryalnd, the full-size sculpture of Frederick Douglass portrays him in the middle of a speech with his mouth open and his brown deeply furrowed. His right arm is outstretched, and he grasps a copy of his autobiography in his left hand. His coat/cape billows out behind him in a swath of bronze, suggesting vigorous action as he steps foward. Douglass's name is inscribed on the black granite base. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ira Berlin and the North Stars; Facilities Management-UMD; Private donors; UMD Foundation; Maryland Commission on African American History and Culture; Maryland Historical Trust Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Frederick Douglass Square, University of Maryland, 4130 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Quotations on plaza bricks: "I was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot County, Maryland." "I am a Marylander, and love Maryland and her people." "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free." "The blow we strike is not merely to free a country or continent--but the whole world from Slavery--for when Slavery falls here it will fall everywhere." "Until it shall be safe to leave the lamb in the hold of the lion, the laborer in power of the capitalist, the poor in the hands of the rich, it will not be safe to leave a newly emancipated people completely in the power of their former masters, especially when such masters have not ceased to be such from enlightened moral convictions but by irresistible force." "Education means . . . emancipation." "This right of speech is very dear to the hearts of intelligent lovers of liberty." "It is easier to build strong children than to repair broken men." "All that distinguishes man as an intelligent and accountable being, is equally true of woman . . . there can be no reason in the world for denying a woman the exercise of the elective franchise or a hand in the making and administering the laws of the land." "In a composite nation like ours, as before the law, there should be no rich, no poor, no high, no low, no white, no black, but common country, common citizenship, equal rights, and a common destiny." Inscription on black granite base: Frederick Douglass 1818-1895 Abolitionist, Suffragist, Labor Leader Stateman, Diplomat, Founding Father of the Second American Republic Orator, Scholar, Journalist Quotations on Corten steel panels: "The struggle may be a moral one, or it may be a physical one, and it may be both moral and physical, but [it] must be a struggle. Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and never will." "No man can put a chain about the ankle of his fellow man without at last finding the other end fastened about his own neck." "He who does not love Justice and Liberty for all, does not love Justice and Liberty." "Right is of no sex--Truth is of no color." Inscription on bronze plaque: The University of Maryland is grateful to the many individuals and organizations, particularly the Maryland Commission on African American History and Culture as well as the Maryland Historic Trust, part of the Maryland Department of Planning, who generously supported the creation of Frederick Douglass Square. Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Black granite; Brick; Corten steel Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Arnett, Autumn A. “At UMD, New Frederick Douglass Square Illustrates State’s Racial Duality." Diverse Issues in Higher Education, November 24, 2015. Accessed November 23, 2018. https://diverseeducation.com/article/79147/. Frederick Douglass Remembered. Ireland's Great Hunger Institute, Quinnipiac University. Accessed November 26, 2018. https://www.qu.edu/academics/centers-and-institutes/irelands-great-hunger-institute/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Frederick Douglass Ireland Monument Extent The size or duration of the resource. Statue: 90 in. (228.6 cm) Base: 36 in. (91.44 cm) Has Version A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource. Frederick Douglass Monument, Quinnipiac University School of Law, 2018 black granite bronze Corten steel figurative inscription portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/5a8420a7d73147a2b16bf3937c713b49.jpg f7ad4e9accb016470772126375ab46c0 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/0496d5f791423d263237b9e1bec51dfd.jpg 29fda6aebdd4875e943d5830aa73f847 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/8835b7b0ce80dbd9ec293db41a2ef8ad.jpg 10cef62dca9a61baf2db1ba0024d2d3a https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/818576deb445ab239001699f57604c86.jpg 002013a4e7624952792e62f8861bce59 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/8553829aae56c18e5fe9547cefe7d266.jpg e639c788a7cd323413189b9113ef80ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rekrut, Frank, 1959 Title A name given to the resource Harriet Tubman (St. Catharines, Ontario) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Harriet Tubman Public School, 84 Henry Street, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2R 5V4, Canada Description An account of the resource The bronze portrait sculpture of Harriet Tubman rests on a large rectangular plinth made of brick and stone. Tubman, wearing her signature headscarf, is depicted seated on a wooden chair, holding a closed book in her hands as she gazes into the distance. She wears a scarf around her neck, long-sleeved shirt button-down shirt, a shawl, and a flowing skirt. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District School Board of Niagara, St. Catharines, Ontario; and Ciglia & Carrai Foundry, Florence, Italy. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource District School Board of Niagara, 191 Carlton St, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2R 7P4, Canada Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Monument and Myth: Commemorating Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Forsyth, Paul. "New Statue of Harriet Tubman Unveiled at School Named in Her Honour." NiagaraThisWeek.com. Accessed September 18, 2018. https://www.niagarathisweek.com/news-story/6270533-new-statue-of-harriet-tubman-unveiled-at-school-named-in-her-honour/. "Tubman Statue Unveiled at School." The Standard (St. Catharines), February 9, 2016. Accessed May 26, 2020. https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news-story/8185751-tubman-statue-unveiled-at-school/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 9, 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Abolitionists--United States Antislavery movements--Canada Freedom Ontario--St. Catharines Public art Public sculpture Underground Railroad Subject (Name) Tubman, Harriet, 1822-1913 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Extent The size or duration of the resource. Unknown book bronze figurative portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/4e92b4bfe7fb8dbef9f614c3644d84cd.jpg 6eb3a0c02d87f854dc903aee0635774e https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/e263c98964623f483e550eb99f9211bc.jpg 4e452d25ec7ce3c98fab7c9031f3f1f0 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/09995894c11789a25f21e88695433bbd.jpg b61cf3991d6f4e373c1e7d272595348b https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/b6a24f64340fc3428f55ffb4886e9eeb.jpg dc7df76bd8893cefb472d2189d94163b https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/f3c5194c6d9dc68a1bed03d1d2667aaf.jpg 8d79ff1a72ac92845a35454a53b59e52 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/7ac13e32583245b1455a8bd09fb97203.jpg 0f440ee72f18e4f32950445400426d1b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harriet Tubman (St. Catharines, Ontario) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rekrut, Frank, 1959- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 13, 2010 Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on front of black marble plinth: "After the passing of the USA 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, she said. 'I wouldn't trust Uncle Sam with my people no longer. I brought them all clear off to Canada.'" Inscription on back of black marble plinth: Sculptor Frank Rekrut 2010 Ontario Heritage Foundation historic marker: Harriet Ross Tubman c. 1820-1913 A legendary conductor on the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman became known as the "Moses" of her people. Tubman was born into slavery on a Maryland plantation and suffered brutal treatment from numerous owners before escaping in 1849. Over the next decade she returned to the American South many times and led hundreds of freedom seekers north. When the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed slave owners  to recapture runaways in the northern free states. Tubman extended her operations across the Canadian border. For eight years she lived in St. Catharines, and at some point rented a house in this neighborhood. With the outbreak of the Civil War, she return to the U. S. to serve the Union Army. Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry of Culture and Communications [Reverse in French] Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--Canada Freedom Ontario--St. Catharines Public art Public sculpture Underground Railroad--Canada Subject (Name) Tubman, Harriet, 1822-1913 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource The half-bust portrait of Harriet Tubman, made from concrete, rests on a rectangular plinth made of polished black marble bearing her name and an inscription. Tubman is depicted wearing her signature headscarf, with a wrap covering her shoulders. The portrait is situated in a meditation garden next to British Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada-Salem Chapel, St. Catharines, Ontario. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource British Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada-Salem Chapel, 92 Geneva St, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2R 4N2, Canada Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Monument and Myth: Commemorating Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Concrete; Black marble Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Spaan, Natalie. "Harriet Tubman Monument Unveiled." The Brock Press, September 21, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2020. http://www.brockpress.com/2010/09/harriet-tubman-monument-unveiled. Zettle, Mike. "Tubman Statue to Grace BME Church." The Standard (St. Catharines), February 19, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2020. https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news-story/3305714-tubman-sculpture-to-grace-bme-church-garden/. "Legacy of Freedom Honored." The Standard (St. Catharines), September 14, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2020. https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/community-story/3311877-legacy-of-freedom-honoured/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Frank Rekrut (donation); St. Catharines Green Committee ; St. Catharines Horticultural Society, Eco Landscape Design; and Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and Parks Canada. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant British Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada-Salem Chapel, 92 Geneva St, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2R 4N2, Canada Extent The size or duration of the resource. Unknown black granite concrete figurative portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/56e5254fa8996cb53478d3d1fba9abb5.jpg ae95b7e112502e2591b30dbe27643406 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/dec79cb901670083216ccd264a3014d1.jpg ec74fb87cb397aade350b7ebe0aa8249 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/c246d2f1c3bc80c8fadcb2fb86548099.jpg fb44018e5098a74e45f295c47a0fb7dc https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1ef7619aad0cc93ff94755289be82e11.jpg 3d941c1900d6b306143a74d37ec813c9 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/41ab9e139d4cc9c02e48e74b89a7c180.jpg 9ba6328e83fd985908786565754c15b6 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/57073ca3c32643c51dec4581a5e2415c.jpg e275ea1376111a7d7dedeb56c39495cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underground Railroad Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The memorial and monuments in this collection are dedicated to the Underground Railroad, an organized network of routes and safe houses that assisted freedom seekers [enslaved people] on their journeys northward. The Underground Railroad was part of the larger movement for the abolition of slavery in the United States. The movement to abolish slavery was a complicated political movement that, at its core, was driven by the resistance and activism of enslaved Black people and freedmen and women abolitionists. Historian Manisha Sinha explores the history of American abolition, including the Underground Railroad in The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition (2016).  Although Harriet Tubman is the most famous conductor in the Underground Railroad, she is not the subject of the memorials featured in this collection (see the collection on this site, <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/collections/show/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black Abolitionists</a>, to view works specifically dedicated to her life and work). Rather the monuments and memorials featured here, such as Ed Dwight's <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1170" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gateway to Freedom: International Memorial to the Underground Railroad</a>, highlight other prominent conductors, as well as celebrate the fortitude and bravery of the freedom seekers as they made the perilous journey north. Updated January 26, 2026 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freedom Crossing Monument (Lewiston, New York) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Geissler, Susan, 1953- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 14, 2009 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Freedom Fugitive slaves--United States  New York (State)--Lewiston Public art Public sculpture Underground Railroad Subject (Name) Tryon, Josiah, 1798-1886 Clark, Margaret Goff, 1913-2003 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource The monument consists of five bronze sculptures. The subjects are a family of freedom seekers including a father, mother and baby; Lewiston's Underground Railroad Station Master, Josiah Tryon; and the fictional heroine, Laura Eastman, from the Freedom Crossing book. A rowboat is at the center of the composition with the mother seated in the boat as Tryon hands her the baby. Two figures stand on rock meant to suggest the banks of the lower Niagara River. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Town of Lewiston Council; Village of Lewiston Board of Trustees; The Margaret L. Wendt Foundation; KeyBank Foundation; Niagara River Greenway Commission; New York State Power Authority; Historical Association of Lewiston, Inc. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Historical Association of Lewiston, Inc., 469 Plain Street, Lewiston, New York, 14092 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Bronze plaque on boulder at front of memorial: A tribute to the enslaved who sought a new life of freedom in Canada and to the local volunteers who helped them on their journey to cross the Niagara River. The Underground Railroad was a secret network of trails and safe homes that enslaved Africian-Americans from the southern United States used to escape to Canada in the 1800's. The British Empire, including Canada, abolished slavery in 1834. Lewiston was one of the final stops on the Underground Railroad and despite breaking the law, many local residents volunteered to help the escapees reach freedom in Canada. This monument depicts the moment in time when fugitive slaves saw Canada for the first time after traveling hundreds of treacherous miles, avoiding slave catchers who were paid to capture and return them to the south. Handing the baby to the fugitive mother is Josiah Tryon (1798-1886) Lewiston's volunteer "Station Master" for the Underground Railroad. A man of simple means, Tyron was quiet, humble and religious. By secretly escorting escaping slaves to freedom in his row boat under the cover of darkness, he gave them hope and became a champion of justice and equality. He truly had a rainbow heart, embracing people of all colors and creeds. With her outstretched arm pointing to Canada, Laura Eastman is the iconic heroine in the historical fiction book, Freedom Crossing, which is read by thousands of elementary students throughout the United States every year. Laura has become a symbol of the triumph of the human spirit over oppression. (Copyright 1986 by Margaret Goff Clark, by permission of Scholastic, Inc.) Historical Association of Lewiston, Inc. Dedicated October 14, 2009 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Stone Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ater, Renée. "NY State Network to Freedom: Freedom Crossing Monument, Lewiston." Renée Ater, On Monuments Blog. https://www.reneeater.com/on-monuments-blog/2019/10/31/ny-state-network-to-freedom-freedoms-crossing-monument-lewiston. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lewiston Landing Park, North Water Street, Lewiston, New York, 14092, United States boat bronze figurative