5 10 134 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/d440d91b73ac14e0317dc799e4283a96.jpg 51365e7d4eb7a3323c5de0f77c39ba18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass (New York, New York) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schwartz, Ivan, 1951- Studio EIS Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Freedom New York (State)--New York Public art Public sculpture Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource A life-size sculpture of the abolitionist Frederick Douglass stands atop the staircase at the West 77th Street entrance to The New York Historical. Douglass gazes forward, holding a pair of books in his left hand, while his right arm rests downward. Fully bearded, Douglass stares off into the distance. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglass_Statue_at_the_NYHS_07.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 25, 2011 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource New-York Historical Society (now The New York Historical) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The New York Historical, 170 Central Park West at West 77th Street, New York, New York, 10024, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant The New York Historical, 170 Central Park West at West 77th Street, New York, New York, 10024, United States Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Dunlap, David, W. "No Debate: It’s Lincoln and Douglass." New York Times, November 1, 2011. Accessed October 31, 2019. https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/no-debate-its-lincoln-and-douglass/March. Saxena, Jaya. "Creating the Humanity in Bronze Statues." Behind the Scenes, New-York Historical Society, March 14, 2012. Accessed October 31, 2019. http://behindthescenes.nyhistory.org/creating-the-humanity-in-bronze-statues/. "Meet Michael, the Living Historian Behind Our Frederick Douglass Statue (Part I)." History Detectives, New-York Historical Society, February 5, 2018. Accessed, May 24, 2020. http://historydetectives.nyhistory.org/2018/02/meet-living-historian-behind-new-york-historicals-frederick-douglass-statue-part-1/. "Meet the Living Historian Behind Our Frederick Douglass Statue (Part II)." History Detectives, New-York Historical Society, February 26, 2018. Accessed, May 24, 2020. http://historydetectives.nyhistory.org/2018/02/meet-living-historian-behind-frederick-douglass-statue-part-ii/. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater bronze figurative portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/24240a1961b0c15a570faaad83d6c688.jpg 83a96d82795559ddc3a6b7bb927dacb9 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/b6ac4fd81e859f1eef3e54c121865723.jpg 953b7ad296e8cdbef002e5df4519e4f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 93.6 in. (237.74 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass (Hillsdale, Michigan) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wolfe, Bruce, 1941-2022 Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Freedom Michigan--Hillsdale Public art Public sculpture Underground Railroad Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Located on Hillsdale College’s Liberty Walk, the bronze statue of Frederick Douglass is the first African American figure to be included on the Liberty Walk. The bearded Douglass clasps his hands around a book, his torso turning gently leftward as he shifts his weight to his left leg. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: <a href="https://www.brucewolfe.com/frederick-douglass/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bruce Wolfe Ltd.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 12, 2017 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hillsdale College (President Larry Arnn) and James Nagy (benefactor). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Hillsdale College, 33 E College Street, Hillsdale, Michigan, 49242, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lane Hall, Liberty Walk, Hillsdale College, 33 E College Street, Hillsdale, Michigan, 49242, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Bronze plaque on granite base: Frederick Douglass Dedicated May 11, 2017, in proud recognition of the speech given at Hillsdale College by Frederick Douglass on January 11, 1863 "Neither law, learning, nor religion, is addressed to any man’s color or race. Science, education, the Word of God, and all the virtues known among men, are recommended to us, not as races, but as men. We are not recommended to love or hate any particular variety of the human family more than any other. Not as Ethiopians; not as Caucasians; not as Mongolians; not as Afro-Americans, or Anglo-Americans, are we addressed, but as men. God and nature speak to our manhood, and to our manhood alone. Here all ideas of duty and moral obligation are predicated." —Blessing of Liberty and Education—September 3, 1894 With Gratitude to Mr. James Nagy in Memory of his beloved Wanda Nagy Dr. and Mrs. Larry Arnn Bruce Wolfe—Sculptor Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Granite Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Extent The size or duration of the resource. 93.6 in. (237.74 cm) Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Hillsdale College. "Frederick Douglass: A Brief History."  Accessed May 24, 2020. https://www.hillsdale.edu/frederick-douglass/. Hillsdale College. "Hillsdale College Unveils Statue of Frederick Douglass." Accessed May 24, 2020. https://www.hillsdale.edu/news-and-media/press-releases/hillsdale-college-unveils-statue-frederick-douglass/. Hillsdale College. "A Man Worth Emulating: Frederick Douglass Statue Dedicated on Hillsdale's Liberty Walk." Accessed May 24, 2020. https://www.hillsdale.edu/hillsdale-blog/hillsdale-magazine/worth-emulating-frederick-douglass/. Wolfe, Bruce. "Frederick Douglass, Statue Unveiling at Hillsdale College." Accessed May 24, 2020. https://www.brucewolfe.com/frederick-douglass/. book bronze figurative granite portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/964f968fd9da508c144d98566bf34974.jpg f3a9f83bb04f5b031adbdbc10a75771c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 96 in. (243.84 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass (Baltimore, Maryland) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lewis, James Edward, 1923-1997 Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Enslaved persons--Emancipaiton Freedom Maryland--Baltimore Public art Public sculpture Slavery--Maryland Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Caught mid-stride, the over life-size bronze statue of Frederick Douglass stands in front of Holmes Hall on the campus of Morgan State University, a historically Black university in Baltimore, Maryland. The bearded Douglass holds a cane in his right hand as he steps forward on his right foot. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglass_Statue,_Morgan_State_University,_1700_E._Coldspring_Lane,_Baltimore,_MD_21251_(33520859023).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikipedia Commons</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 20, 1956 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Maryland Educational Association; Children in Colored Schools; and the Citizens of Maryland. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland, 21251, United States Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Holmes Hall, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland, 21251, United States Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Frederick Douglass at Morgan State University Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on granite base: Frederick Douglass 1817-1895 Humanitarian Statesman Bronze plaque on back of monument: Erected By the Maryland Educational Association Through Contributions of Children in Colored Schools And Citizens of Maryland. In the Year 1956. "I am an American And As an American I speak to America." Frederick Douglass James E. Lewis Sculptor Extent The size or duration of the resource. 96 in. (243.84 cm) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Granite Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Kelly, Cindy, and Edwin Harlan Remsberg. Outdoor Sculpture in Baltimore: A Historical Guide to Public Art in the Monumental City. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. bronze figurative granite https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/88b7ffec5ae2dd2f4cdc45ffa5841ad5.jpg fa400578e536d0ad1bf6bd8ffde8428a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 53.5 x 33 x 28.25 in. (135.98 x 83.82 x 71.76 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass Circle (Hempstead, New York) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bagwell, Vinnie, 1957- Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Freedom New York (State)--Hempstead Public art Public sculpture Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource An elder Frederick Douglass is depicted seated on a scissors chair— the armrests are adorned with the faces of open-mouthed lions, while the chair’s legs have been carved in the shape of lion’s legs. In bas-relief, the chair’s back is embellished with a widely circulated 18th-century anti-slavery medallion manufactured by the English potter Josiah Wedgwood. The design, which was likely created by the sculptor Henry Webber, features an enslaved black man, kneeling and bound by chains. The text below the figure reads “Am I not a friend and a brother?” The medallion became an important emblem of the abolitionist movement in both Britain and the United States.  In Douglass's right hand, he holds the text to an 1883 speech that he delivered to mark the 20th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech is continued on the pavement. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hofstrauniversity/39344857345/in/photostream/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hofstra University</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 29, 2008 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hofstra University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Daniel L. Monroe Lecture Center Courtyard, South Campus, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, 11549, United States Extent The size or duration of the resource. 53.5 x 33 x 28.25 in. (135.98 x 83.82 x 71.76 cm) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Mesabi black granite Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bagwell, Vinnie. "Frederick Douglass Circle." Coda Worx. Accessed October 31, 2019. https://www.codaworx.com/projects/frederick-douglass-circle-777. "Hofstra Happenings-Special 2008: Historic Sculpture Dedicated at Hofstra University." Hofstra Magazine, December 14, 2007. Accessed May 23, 2020. https://news.hofstra.edu/2007/12/14/hofstra-happenings-special-2008/. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Hofstra University Museum of Art, 112 Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, 11549, United States Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription at base of sculpture: Frederick Douglass Circle Vinne Bagwell 2008 Inscription on sheet in Douglass' hand: "Until color shall cease to be a bar to equal participation in the offices and honor of the country, this discussion will go on... Until the American people shall make character and not color the criterion of respectability, this discussion will go on..." --1883 black granite bronze figurative portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/91db44edf397c9774e367140c318c3bc.jpeg 308b33c70bee72e8c7572d15a418f15f https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/95427215a43206452163900c59b1dd0e.jpeg ca14ad0329f241d6dcdf22f43efb5c41 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/ad3d20deea72c87eb8be0bf551d2a484.jpeg f67046d4f6ae7ca196b2355a8d9b23d6 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/95896d333ec69b20995a84a3d2014d25.jpeg be3c23b1eaf5e6c9b7bcd0498ca3ee78 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/761e98f78c4426efc646360041acacf9.jpeg bd04ee425b37d3df822dba31e90e749c https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/f67151d1f37b048ddd84efce06b081a7.jpeg f74bb9b3f17d7070f031e831b27e4d84 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Let's Have Tea (Rochester, New York) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kettavong, Pepsy M., 1972- Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States New York (State)--Rochester Public art Public sculpture Women--Suffrage Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Anthony, Susan B., 1820-1806 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Seated in simple wooden chairs, Frederick Douglass and Susan B. Anthony engage in conversation over tea. On a table between them sits a tea pot, two teacups and saucers, and two books. Douglass leans forward, his gaze cast slightly downward, listening intently to Anthony, who sits upright in her chair. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Susan B. Anthony Neighborhood Association; City of Rochester, New York Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Susan B. Anthony Square Park, 39 King Street, Rochester, New York, 14608, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Bronze plaque: Artist: Pepsy M. Kettavong Title: "Let's Have Tea" Statues of Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass Date: 1998-2002 "Let's Have Tea" A project of Susan B. Anthony Neighborhood Association Inc., was made possible through the generous support of the following donors and supporters: Citibank, Arts & Cultural Council for Greater Rochester Inc., Housing Opportunities Inc., Carmelia & John Matrachisia, Emma M. Whitis, Data Vault Storage Services Inc., The People of Jasco, Gleason Foundation, Linda Steinberg, Wm B. Morse Lumber Co., William B. Morse, 3rd, Barbara & Dan Hoffman, Lisa H. Hoffman, Susan A. Hoffman, Helen Hoffman, Mary & Mark Hoffman, Mary & Richard Charles, Joan & Don Glinski, Pat Hoffman, Sue Gaffney, James Piotrowski & Sarah Jones, Diane Montano, Marilyn & Mike Spang, Kathy & Ernie Weber, Nancy P. Merritt, Landmark Society of Western New York, Robert & Joan Daly, Fleda Emma Gibbs, Ann Daniels, Diana D. Miller, Luther & Iris Miller, C. Bonnie Nowark, Jean Cammer, Dr. Stephen & Susan Levinson, Karen Jacob, Sally A. Steinwachs, Edwin G. Saphar, Jr., The Thomas F. & Elisabeth W. Judson Foundation, Tobin & Associate Inc., Pg&e Bill Rubley, Louis S. & Molly B. Wolk Foundation, Clayton H. & Dorelis A Osborne, Lorraine Cappellino, Marion J. Hawks, Queen Investment Club, Alfred L. & Jean A. Pardi, Helen Q. Williams, Dr. David A Anderson-Sankofa, Joseph & Joan Yanni, Louise Woerner & Don H. Kollmorgen,Oisavanh Kettavong, Hannelore & Robert Heyer, C. Eugene & Geraldine A. Mosholder, E. Ann & James E. Scott, Barbara D. Blaisdell, Anthony & Lenora Colaruotolo, William Jr., & Patricia Marshall, Oliver Benjamin Hemmerie, Steel Works Inc., Alison Passeck-Cain & Ed Cain, Michael D. Nazar & Catherine M. Callery, The VandenBrul Foundation, Helen H. Kirker, James E. & Marianne T. Koller,City of Rochester Parks, Recreation & Human Services, Susan B. Anthony House, Downstairs Cabaret Theatre, Lou Phommahaxay, Jason Dobbs, Sector 3 NBN Planning Committee Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. "Susan B. Anthony Square Park." Historic Rochester, City of Rochester, NY. Accessed May 23, 2020. https://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589936553. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource City of Rochester, City Hall, 30 Church Street, Rochester, New York, 14614, United States Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Statues of Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass Susan B. Anthony Square Park bronze figurative portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/be6a20a053a9ac2d891e16fa613d4b21.jpg 4c1d23095173d729c64d90bc3142073f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Statue: 90 in. (228.6 cm) Base: 30 in. (76.2 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass (West Chester, Pennsylvania) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Blake, Richard, 1943- Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Freedom Pennsylvania--West Chester Public art Public sculpture Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource The ten-foot-tall bronze statue of a young Frederick Douglass casts his gaze forward and ever-so-slightly downward toward an imagined viewer. Standing squarely forward, Douglass' left knee is slightly raised as if he were on the verge of walking off the granite pedestal. In his right hand, Douglass holds a cane; in his left hand, he holds the end of a rope that coils around his torso and shoulders. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph: <a href="https://patch.com/pennsylvania/westchester/25th-anniversary-celebration-frederick-douglass-institution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">West Chester University</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1, 2013 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Frederick Douglass Statue Monument Project; Frederick Douglass Institute (C. James Trotman); and the West Chester University Foundation. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Clifford E. and Inez E. DeBaptiste Plaza, Philips Memorial Building, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19382, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on granite base: Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass gave his last public lecture on West Chester's campus on Feb. 1, 1895. This statue of a younger Frederick Douglass honors a champion of human rights whose lifelong quest for knowledge and truth made him a timeless voice for justice, freedom, and equality for all. Extent The size or duration of the resource. Statue: 90 in. (228.6 cm) Base: 30 in. (76.2 cm) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Granite Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Cummings, Colleen. "WCU Erects Statue to Honor Frederick Douglass." The Quad, October 14, 2013. Accessed October 31, 2019. https://wcuquad.com/103691/news/wcu-erects-statue-to-honor-frederick-douglass/. Garrard, Jeremy. "WCU Unveils Frederick Douglass Statue." Daily Local News, October 2, 2013. Accessed May 23, 2020. https://www.dailylocal.com/news/wcu-unveils-frederick-douglass-statue/article_5603ef47-0e70-58ca-a0fb-a1598f6e5857.html. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource West Chester University, 700 South High Street, West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19383, United States bronze figurative granite portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/ca66799a49407e8ec8a348e60bf561ec.jpg 2f0bd0145391af4ed1058f00e5db9510 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/b0c7652215450fa42149fa3209e8d1b2.jpg 160488037238f543465d47540bbcf83b https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/75b0d7008e040d0e34ca7578ad93157c.jpg 359aa9863bc11aeaacc6ab55c6a2259b https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/935c6d58a8ca3933f27bd871abfaf03e.jpg 8f7568eb063c3381d0093e34c76df515 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/f765f5b33795abde0f2a9da42d9baa67.jpg e602fa93131e4b9f6132c8f281c95230 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/5852858a37f214c54e9dd01e3453e81a.jpg dfce99f437bd9f4a49a0e27baf607f13 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/c72fe3c63040af484604a8333baa522a.jpg 0fc592ff8823ec812256d9561c9c78ea https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/3514f766ba42f2a300e833eea291eda9.jpg 39f68c7a3615bce636e618f57acb2413 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 96 in. (243.84 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass Memorial (New York, New York) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Koren, Gabriel, 1947- Miller, Algernon, 1945- Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Constellations Enslaved peoples--Emancipation Freedom Public art Public sculpture New York (State)--New York Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Standing to the right of a lectern, Gabriel Koren modeled Frederick Douglass as an elder statesman, with a furrowed brow and a deeply lined face. Resting his right hand atop the lectern, Douglass’ mouth is closed as he stares resolutely forward. Algernon Miller designed the granite seating and paving patterns, which are based on traditional African-American quilt motifs, as well as a bronze perimeter fence with a wagon wheel motif. Miller also created a bronze water wall that shows the Big Dipper constellation with the North Star. Quotations from Douglass embellish the site. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 20, 2011 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource NYC Percent for Art, NYC Department of Cultural Affairs; Mark Bunnell of Quenell Rothschild & Partners (landscape architects); and Polich-Tallix (foundry). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 301 Frederick Douglass Circle , New York, New York, 10026, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on granite block 1: Born Frederick Augustus Bailey, 1818, Talbot county, Maryland. Inscription on granite block 2: Married Anna Murray in 1838, who died in 1882. Inscription on granite block 3: Married Helen Pitts in 1884. Inscription on granite block 4: "Whatever may be said as to a division of duties and avocations, the rights of man and the rights of woman are one and inseparable, and stand upon the same indestructible basis." -1851 Inscription on granite block 5: "The flight was a bold and perilous one; but here I am, in the great city of new york, safe and sound, without the loss of blood or bone." -1855 Inscription on granite block 6: "Such is my detestation of slavery, that I would keep the merciless slaveholder profoundly ignorant of the means of flight adopted by the slave. he should be left to imagine himself surrounded by myriads of invisible tormentors..." -1855 Inscription on granite block 7: "Of my father I know nothing. Slavery had no recognition of fathers, as none of families." -1845 Inscription on granite block 8: "If there is no struggle there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom and yet deprecate agitation...Want crops without plowing up the ground...They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many waters...Power concedes nothing without a demand." -1857 Inscription on pavement: "Right is of no sex - truth is of no color - god is the father of us all, and we are all brethren" -Masthead of the North Star Inscription on north end of fountain. Frederick Douglass  1818-1895 Born into slavery in Maryland, Frederick Bailey found the way to freedom along the underground railroad in 1838. Disguised as a sailor, he traveled to manhattan by ship, and found shelter at the house of abolitionist David Ruggles on Lispenard Street. There, he awaited the arrival of his fiancee, Anna Murray, a free black woman from Maryland. They married, and together continued bailey's freedom journey to Massachusetts, where he changed his name to Douglass. Lauded for his oration, he became a prominent abolitionist and purchased his legal freedom from slavery. Publisher of the abolitionist journal the north star, he championed freedom for all Americans and endorsed women's suffrage. Douglass later held posts as assistant secretary of the Santo Domingo Commission (1871), Marshall of the District of Columbia (1877-1881) and U.S. Minister to Haiti (1889-1891). Following the death of his wife in 1884, Douglass married Helen Pitts. He died in Washington, D.C. On February 20, 1895. Inscription on south end of fountain: Gabriel Koren, sculptor  Algernon Miller, site artist December 2005 Inscription across fountain with constellations: "The types of mankind are various. They differ like the waves, but they are one like the sea." ". . . Under the flickering light of the north star behind some craggy hill or snow covered mountain, stood a doubtful freedom - half frozen - beckoning us to come and share its hospitality." Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Granite Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. "Frederick Douglass Memorial." Central Park, Monuments, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed October 31, 2019. https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/central-park/monuments/2098. Cooper Hewett, Smithsonian Design Museum. "Harlem Focus: Public Monuments: Art in Collaboration with Landscape Design." May 9, 2013. Accessed May 23, 2020. https://www.cooperhewitt.org/tag/algernon-miller/ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=5K_LVkcVq-g&feature=emb_logo. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NYC Parks, The Arsenal, Central Park, 830 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, United States Extent The size or duration of the resource. 96 in. (243.84 cm) bas-relief bronze figurative granite inscription North Star portrait quilt squares https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/ed3544921837077d7a200430ee772dee.jpg 15e69fc644df8ac67fdef8e02acfede5 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/4d348a867103b1319fc44aab1535ae45.jpg 7b3c778dea5308eac7cf37dbd00eaebe https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/d820c950602ca48300c7664c93ff0b2f.jpg c1a76a444cb3492780d7ab6ce59b29f6 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/ff9d1ef7253c8834e482521e52421be3.jpg 8abba3130086c97eac6da0a1d9ae035a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Statue and base: 132 in. (335.28 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass Memorial (Easton, Maryland) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carpenter, Jay Hall, 1961- Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States Enslaved persons--Emancipation Freedom Maryland--Easton Public art Public sculpture Slavery--Maryland Subject (Name) Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Description An account of the resource Standing to the right of a lectern, Frederick Douglass is depicted as in elder statesman, with a furrowed brow and deep lines marking his face. Captured mid-speech, Douglass raises his right hand above his head in a rhetorical gesture, while his left-hand rests atop the lectern. The life-sized bronze figure rests on a base of stone. The work is located in front of the Maryland Circuit Court Judge’s Office in Easton, Maryland. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 18, 2011 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Frederick Douglass Honor Society (Eric Lowery, President); Town of Easton (Robert C. Wiley, Mayor); Talbot County Council (Dirck Bartlett, President); Frederick Douglass Monument Project of the Talbot County Historical Society; the Frederick Douglass Memorial Action Committee Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Talbot County Courthouse Lawn, 11 N Washington Street, Easton, Maryland, 21601, United States Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Inscription on granite base: DOUGLASS Inscription on bronze plaque on back of monument: "In a composite nation like ours, as before the law, there should be no rich, no poor, no high, no low, no white, no black, but common country, common citizenship, equal rights and common destiny." Frederick Douglass 1818-1895 United States Marshall * Charge d'Affaires to the Dominican Republic * Minister to Haiti * Counselor to President Abraham Lincoln * Publisher * Author * Orator * Abolitionist * Slave Extent The size or duration of the resource. 132 in. (335.28 cm) Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Granite Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Guy, Chris. "Douglass to Get Place by Easton Courthouse." The Baltimore Sun, March 17, 2004. Accessed October 31. 2019. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-03-17-0403170268-story.html. Douglass Returns: The Dedication, June 16-19, 2011. Frederick Douglass Honor Society. Accessed January 31, 2026. https://frederickdouglasshonorsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DouglassReturnsProgram.pdf. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Town of Easton, P.O. Box 520, Easton, Maryland, 21601, United States bronze figurative granite portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/cc8fbadf957bec5b2d5a1f80e0d32483.jpg f2ffac0ed5c853c7b8d0cae0d556e09b https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/edb4a2c0ac380aaa228d125a54471fc8.jpg a8ce6a9d77593cd5d2d32e9354aeb5d2 https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/712dab0d16f9a295dd58dd9d963008e8.jpg 3263fa6197a322dbe218ed2f43d34f74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Abolitionists: Tubman, Douglass, Truth Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials in this collection commemorate the extraordinary achievements of three U.S. Black abolitionist and freedom seekers: Harriet Tubman, née Araminta Ross, (c. 1822-1913); Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895); and Sojourner Truth (1797-1883). Born into slavery on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Harriet Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. During the next ten years, she made approximately thirteen trips into Maryland to rescue other enslaved family members and friends. She provided instructions for escape to about 70 more enslaved people who were able to self-emancipate. During the Civil War, she served the United States Army as a spy, scout, nurse and cook. As one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad, the monuments in this section often depict Tubman leading groups of freedom seekers on their journey northwards to freedom, such as Mario Chiodo’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unwavering Courage in the Pursuit of Freedom</a>. In other works, such as Alison Saar’s <a href="https://www.harriettubmanmonuments.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swing Low</a>, Tubman is depicted alone, facing southward as she makes the perilous journey back to Maryland to free more enslaved people. One of the most brilliant orators of his generation, Frederick Douglass worked ceaselessly for the cause of abolition. Among his many achievements, Douglass became one of the early and important critical theorists of photography, a medium invented in 1839. In a series of lectures delivered between 1861-1865, Douglass argued that photography had the power to shape people’s understandings of race and as such could be deployed to resist distorted representations of African Americans. Douglass, who was exceptionally aware of the power of his own image, sat for a number of portraits over several decades, circulating his image widely. His photographic portraits serve as the basis for a number of the works in this collection, including Ivan Schwartz’s <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frederick Douglass</a>, created for the New York Historical Society. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She emancipated herself, escaping to freedom in 1826. During her 30-year career, she became a formidable force in several 19th-century reform movements, linking the struggles for Black freedom with women’s suffrage. Truth capitalized on both the affecting power of photography and its reproducibility to support her activism. She created carte-de-visite portraits of herself, which she copyrighted, adding the caption “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance. Sojourner Truth.” As Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby explores in her book Enduring Truths: Sojourner’s Shadows and Substance (2015), Truth “made her photographic portrait worth money in order to end slavery—and also became the strategic author of her public self.” Commemorative works such as the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/1b9f9d28475430765059a059a43787b2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sojourner Truth Memorial</a> in Florence, Massachusetts, are based on the photographic portrait that Truth so carefully created and circulated. Updated January 26, 2026 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Seward and Harriet Tubman Statue (Schenectady, New York) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benedict, Dexter, 1944- Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) Antislavery movements--United States New York--Schenectady Public art Public sculpture Underground Railroad Subject (Name) Tubman, Harriet, 1822-1913 Seward, William Henry, 1801-1872 Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 17, 2019 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Karen B. Johnson Schenectady County Public Library, 99 Clinton Street, Schenectady, New York, 12305, United States Description An account of the resource Placed outside the Schenectady County Public Library, a life-size statue of William Seward and Harriet Tubman stand on Mohawk Valley ordovician dolostone inside a garden bed. Seward stands with a cane in his right hand and his left arm around the back of Tubman. He wears nineteenth-century clothing including a jacket, vest, and pants. Tubman gestures with her right hand and carries a walking stick in her left hand. She wears a simple long dress. Draped across her chest is a sack with the end of a revolver visible. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Board of Trustees of the Schenectady County Public Library; and Community Members: Virginia and Frank Wicks; Carl George; Anita Paul and David Gerhan; Jim and Jean Underwood; Linda Patrik and David Kaczynski; Twitty and Constance Styles; Cara Molyneaux; Arnold Seiken; Roger Hull; Brian and Judith Merriam; Robert Ringlee; Miriam Butzel; Butzel Family Foundation; Norman Maender; David and Jean Cossey; Carmela St George; Barbara Armstrong and Robert Coppola; Rhonda Becker; Anastasia Pease; Eshragh Motahar; Paul and Christina Friedman; Katherine Lynes; Roger and Seneca Hoerl; Karen and Rodney Crosby; David and Ann Songayllo Hannay; Cherrice Traver; Jonathan and Rachel Marr; Marsha and Leonard Mortimore; James and Jean McLaughlin; Andrea Worthington and Robert Olberg; Kesheng Yu; Paul Wehrum; Barry Kramer; Rebecca Koopman; Assemblyman Angelo Santabarbara; Ted Vinick; Becky Cortez; Martha Huggins and Malcolm Willison; Faith and Dexter Benedict; Mary and Phillip Lyford; Clifford Brown; Caroline Bardwell; Margaret Craven Snowden, M.D.; Nancy Papish; Julie Pieper-Hemmings; Senator James Tedisco; Charles and Linda Becker; Charles and Marianne Szuberla; Patricia and Keith Barneyl; Wayne and Amy Brule; Jim and Cei Mack; Martin and Sharon Strosberg; Mary O’Keeffe; Margo and James Strosberg, M.D.; Peter and Judy Nocera; Mary and Thomas Werner; Michele and Randall Collins; Donald O. Reid; Darren and Lisa Tracy; West Branch Engineering and Consulting; Philip and Jo Ann Adams; Kenneth Baker; Marcia M. Steiner; Nicholas C. Barber; Carmel Patrick; Alden and Gay Doolittle; Betty Pieper; Robert McEvoy; Joe Spedafora; Linda Patrik and David Kaczynski; Matthew George; Brian Reh; Anita Paul; Susan and Gustave Davis, M.D.; Lek and James Meyer; Laura Lee; First Reformed Church of Schenectady; Wicks Family; Jim and Carol McCord; Capital District Civil War Round Table; Jonathan R. Miller (in memory of Aaron Rees ’95); Kathleen Pierone; Ann M. Cole; Professional Women; Schenectady County Historical Society; Hugh and Vaughn Nevin; John Polimeni; John and Lucy Halstead; Kim and Gary Mabee; Naomi Bristol; Lois and Richardson Atkinson; Brendan Degan Weingarten Savage; Henry M. Butzel Family Foundation; Lidia Pasamanick; The Honorable Richard and Bernice Russo; Touhey Family Foundation; John and Margaret Watraus; Susan Savage; Daniel and Shari Grygas; David Gerhan and Anita Paul; Deborah LaFond; Betty Carol Barlyn; Willie Terry; Mario Salerno; Philip Hilferty; Lewis and Irene Greenstein; Kim Scheverman; Arnold and Ione Seiken; David and Karen Bradley; David Kaczynski and Linda Patrik; The Brockbank Family; Estate of Marjorie Kenney (in Memory of Alice P Kenney); William Keat; Eric Bersch; Liz Paul and Paul John; Rene and William Curtin; Steve Rockwell; Jean Libby; The Reverend Ruby J. Smith; Dr Nancy D. Fitzroy; Janis Polishook; L. William Davis; Dr Walter and Anne Robb; Bradley and Catherine Lewis; Christopher Gardner; Kathleen LoGiudice and John Blanchard; Christopher Leonard; Philip M. Williamson; Jean Hayden Hutchins (in Memory of Dr Charles Steinmetz); Eric and Kent Johnson (in Memory of Mayor Karen Johnson); and The Wicks Family (in Memory of Dr Rollo and Hazel Wicks).<o:p></o:p> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Unknown Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Bronze plaque: William Seward 1801-1872 Harriet Tubman 1822-1913 Leaders Freedom Diversity Friendship "By the People for the People" Abraham Lincoln Mohawk Valley Ordovician Dolostone 2019 Sculptor/Caster Dexter Benedict References A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource. Monument and Myth: Commemorating Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Mohawk Valley ordovician dolostone Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Williams, Stephen. "Statue of Tubman and Seward Unveiled at Library." The Daily Gazette News, May 17, 2019. Accessed September 30, 2019. https://dailygazette.com/article/2019/05/17/statue-of-tubman-and-seward-unveiled-at-library. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater bronze figurative portrait https://mail.slaverymonuments.org/files/original/7864b6655d7a95cdb7519ffbfabfccbc.jpg 15fef5faf61d8fe83f20b85d678dd1e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource African American History Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Renée Ater Description An account of the resource The monuments and memorials grouped under this theme acknowledge the important contributions of African Americans to American history. Slavery is anchored in the commemorative works as part of the larger story of Black existence in the United States. Some monuments, such as <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1133" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South Carolina African-American History Monument</a> and the <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1134" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Texas African American History Memorial</a>, include bas-reliefs of enslaved men and women, signaling these states' role in slavery. Other memorials such as <a href="https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1183" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Truths that Rise from the Roots Remembered</a>, honor the ability of ordinary Black people in Alexandria, Virginia (a slave trade center in the United States) to survive and thrive despite slavery, racism, and white supremacy.  Updated January 26, 2026 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Grace Yasumura Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Varied: 144 to 180 in. (365.76 to 457.2 cm) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Truths that Rise from the Roots Remembered (Alexandria, Virginia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meadows, Jerome, 1951- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource EDAW (now AECOM); Norfolk Southern Corporation; Carlyle Development; City of Alexandria Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Visual Arts-Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant African American Heritage Park, 309 Holland Lane, Alexandria, Virginia, 22314, United States Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bronze; Brick; Grey stone Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Renée Ater Description An account of the resource Truths that Rise from the Roots Remembered is located in the African American Heritage Park, a nine-acre memorial park. The park was the site of a historic Black Baptist Cemetery, established in 1885, and later desecrated when the City of Alexandria used the space as a landfill in the early 1960s. Through archaeological excavations, (1985–1992), six headstones were identified and remain in their original location. The park was designed to co-exist with the original landscape of the cemetery and to preserve the wetlands on the site. Truths that Rise from the Roots Remembered includes a group of three stylized bronze trees whose surfaces are etched with names, historical information, and photographs of the African American community in Alexandria; a commemorative grave mound sculpture with limestone supports; and a bronze bookstand. The trees and mound are contained within a circle surrounded by gray flag stone and a semi-circular brick wall. Embedded in the gray flagstone is a red limestone circle, marked with the compass points. Subject The topic of the resource Subject (Topic) African Americans--History Freedom Public art Public sculpture Resistance Virginia--Alexandria Subject (Object Type) Commemorative sculpture Extent The size or duration of the resource. 144 to 180 in. (365.76 to 457.2 cm) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photographs by Renée Ater Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Cressey, Pamela. “Sculpture Provides Inspriation.” Alexandria Gazette Packet, July 20, 1995. Accessed August 14, 2019. https://www.alexandriava.gov/historic/info/default.aspx?id=42988. Anderson, Adrian D. The African American Heritage Park, Alexandria, Virginia. Minneapolis, MN: Tellus Consultants, 1992. Accessed August 14, 2019. https://www.alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/historic/info/archaeology/SiteReportAnderson1992AfricanAmericanHeritagePark.pdf. Has Part A related resource that is included either physically or logically in the described resource. Plaque at the entrance to the African American Heritage Park (left): From the establishment of Alexandria in 1749 to the present time, African Americans have been a vibrant part of this city’s history. The City of Alexandria would not exist in its present form were it not for the economic, social, and cultural contributions of African Americans both slave and free. As Alexandria developed in the 19th century, African Americans began to establish enclaves with distinctive names and characteristics. Many of these areas such as: The Berg, The Bottoms, Cross Canal, Hayti, The Hump, Sunnyside, and Uptown survive today and retain historical significance for African Americans currently living in Alexandria. From these original African American neighborhoods, a sense of community developed, which led to the creation of churches, schools, civic and social organizations. these memorial sculptures in this park highlight people and institutions important to Alexandria’s African American heritage. The land for this memorial is of special significance. In 1885 this parcel of land was purchased by the Black Baptist Cemetery Association and a number of gravesites remain here. Hooff’s Run, which runs through this site provided access to the Potomac River and the town of Alexandria for a variety of traders and retailers. By the middle of the 19th century, railroads provided a new transportation system. Established about 1851, the first railroad in this vicinity was the Orange and Alexandria which passed through this land on its way from the town center to more western parts of Virginia. The Norfolk Southern Corporation has set aside this land as a memorial to recognize and celebrate and commemorate African American contributions to the Alexandria community. The Alexandria African American Heritage Park, a gift to the City from the Norfolk Southern Corporation, will contribute to the rich cultural heritage of Alexandria. The history and accomplishments of African American leaders will stimulate young people to develop esteem, hope, determination, and pride in themselves. The memorial park coexists with the original landscape of the cemetery and preserves the interesting and varied plant life on this site. The design creates an atmosphere suitable for nature walks or meditation. Plaque at the entrance to African American Heritage Park (right): Truths That Rise From The Roots — Remembered We bury more than our bodies at rest Deep within the forgiving soil We bury as well our  Our dreams, our legends, our revelry, our toil Here is where we enshrine our wisdom To be joined with that of our yesteryears And here is where our tomorrows are planted As lessons learned against future fears The artistic works incorporated into this Memorial/Park offer a symbolic testament to the efforts and accomplishments of a great many local individuals, institutions and organizations both past and present. The names and images etched upon these forms, as an acknowledgment of but some of those who have ’passed this way before’, represent the foundation, the builders, the source and substance of this historic and vibrant community. As a context in which history and art are joined this public-art setting serves as a cultural marker — a communal space in which the sons and daughters of the here and now celebrate and honor the heroes of their past. Jerome B. Meadows — Artist Zoe Briscoe — Research, Technical Assistant Park Design — EDAW Etching on the commemorative grave mound sculpture: Black Baptist Cemetery Association 1885 From the past they speak, in varied voice and familiar faces Mary Rome Matilda Gaines Sarah Hunter Abraham Hunter Julia Ann Washington Etching on the tree nearest to commemorative grave mound, left side: Education Alexandria Academy Washington Free School Mt. Hope Academy 1837-1843 Alfred Perry Sylvia Morris Lancasterian School Society of Friends American Baptist Free Mission Society Mary Chase 1861 Saint Robe Institute 1881 Jane A. Crouch Miss Sarah Gray First Select Colored School 1862 Rev. and Mrs. Robinson Rev. G.W. Parker Amanda Borden The First Free Colored Mission Day School 1863 Union Town School 1863 Nancy Williams The Primary School 1863 William K. Harris Richard H. Lyles Newtown School 1863 Anna Bell Davis Leannah Powell The Sickles Barracks School 1863 The Jacobs Free School 1864 Louisa Jacobs Harriet Jacobs Miss S.Y. Lawton Miss E.M. Lawton First National Freedmen’s School 1864 Harriet Byron Douglass 1864 Second National Freedmen’s School Rev. M.F. Sluby Laura Phenix Miss M.F. Simms Mary M. Nickens The Washington St. School Miss L.V. Lewis Etching on the tree nearest to commemorative grave mound, right side: Education Pennsylvania Freedmen’s Relief Association 1865 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands Gustavus Lumpkins 1867 First Free School Society of Alexandria George Seaton George W. Bryant Anthony L. Perpener Hannibal King James Piper George P. Douglas John H. Davis Samuel W. Madden J. Mck. Ware Charles Watson George W. Parker Rev. Clem Robinson George W. Sims Snowden School for Boys William F. Powell Carrie Claggett John Parker Patrick H. Lumpkins Hallowell School for Girls Matilda A. Madden Parker-Gray School 1920 Henry T. White Laura Dorsey Susie P. Madden Margaret T. Young Sarah D. Gray Harriet Thornton James B. Howard Rozier D. Lyles Mamie  E. Anderson Rev. A.W. Adkins Wesley Elam William Pitts Ferris Holland Louis Johnson Edward L. Patterson John T. Butler Lyles-Crouch Elementary School Julia Pritchett Seminary School Geraldine Stevenson St. Joseph’s Catholic School The Oblate Sisters of Providence Sister Mary John Bearchmann Sister Mary Eusebius Charles Houston Elementary School Helen L. Davis Martha Millier-Kindergarten Saretta N. Cope-Kindergarten Etching on the second tree from the commemorative grave mound, left side: Religion Alfred Street Baptist Church 1801 Jesse Henderson Evans Williams Daniel Taylor Rev. Samuel Madden Rev. Alexander A. Truatt Rev. Andrew W. Adkins “Old Zion” Methodist Church 1832 Roberts Memorial United Methodist Church 1832 James Harper Francis Hoy James Evans Philip Hamilton Simon Turley Rev. James Thomas Rev. Robert H. Robinson Rev. James Howard Beulah Baptist Church 1863 Rev. Clem Robinson Zion Baptist Church 1864 Rev. Robert Woodson, Pastor Shiloh Baptist Church 1865 Rev. Charles H. Rodgers Rev. Leland Warring Second Baptist Church Third Baptist Church 1865 Rev. Samuel Stewart Rev. Samuel Ross Meade Memorial Espiscopal Church 1869 Rev. J.W.M. Powell Canon John G. Davis Ebenezer Baptist 1880 Rev. Field Cooke Rev. L. Henry Bailey Rev. W. Howard Stanton Rev. N.B. Hargraves Rev. Austin A. Booker Good Shepard Episcopal Chapel 1880 St. Cyprian’s Episcopal Mission Etching on the second tree from the commemorative grave mound, right side: Religion Mt. Jezreel 1890 Rev. Coleman Rev. O.L. Miles Oakland Baptist Church 1891 Rev. E.R. Jackson Clara Adams William Carpenter Brook Johnson William Jerrell John W. Casey Maggie Hall Smith Wahler Daniel Simms, Jr. Nancy Shepherd Harriet Short Matilda Woods Mollie Nelson St. Joseph’s Catholic Church 1915 Thomas Blair Katie Bowman Carrie Crouch John Johnson John Parker Tabernacle of God and Saints of Christ 1921 St. John’s Baptist Church 1926 Rev. and Mrs. J.G. West Deacon David Askew Deacon Raymond Deacon Holmes Bethel Presbyterian Church Community Presbyterian Church 1928 Rev. Richard B. Strong United House of Prayer Russell Temple C.M.E. 1941 Alleyne AME Zion Church 1949 Rev. Frederick Douglass Williams Rev. Grayson Kelch Etching on the third tree from the commemorative grave mound, left side: Civic Thomas Fuller - 1789 Bejamin Banneker - 1791 William Goddard Dominick Bearcroft Alexander Bryan - 1833 Mary Savoy - 1839 David Jarbour H. Dulany - 1850 Mary Cole John Williams Moses Hepburn John Hepburn Henry Anderson Charles Watson George Seaton John Seaton Nellie Whiting Magnus L. Robinson Norman B. Pinn Freeman N.M. Murray The Home News, 1900 Edmund Hill W. Walter Jackson Murray Brothers Printers, 1903 Raymond H. Murray F. Morris Murray Norman D. Murray Miss. Susie B. Buckner Florence Murray Lewis Smith Samuel A. Tucker L.H. Williams Alexandria Home Bakery John W. Jackson Margaret Evans Washington Jackson Thomas Arrington Laura Watson Harriet Ware Etching on the third tree from the commemorative grave mound, right side: Civic Professor T.E. Dulany C. William Gray W.C. Arnold Lloyd Lewis Richard N. Poole Henry Brooks Mrs. Mattie Brooks Mrs. Katie Skinner Mrs. Lorraine Funn Atkins Mrs. Annie B. Rose Mrs. Connie Chissell George Gaddis Arthur Bracey Library Sit-In - 1939 B. Wilbert Tucker Morris Murray Edward Gaddis Clarence "Buck" Strange Sgt. George Watson Doctors Albert Johnson - 1892 J. Milton Hopkins - c. 1894 Frederick P. barrier - c. 1917 Oswald Durant Henry Ladrey C. Aubrey Lindo Abe Penn Paul Piper Charles West Herbert G. Chissell James Carpenter Newman C. Taylor Frederick Perry W. Lee Harris Elijah E. Lacey T. Bernard Blue William Skinner Lawyers James Webster Thomas Watson William Macmurray J. Byron Hopkins Alfred Collins Judge Joseph Waddy James Raby Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource City of Alexandria, City Hall, 301 King Street, Alexandria, Viriginia, 22314, United States abstract bronze inscription names trees